Is alternative splicing regulated?

Is alternative splicing regulated?

Alternative splicing (AS) is a mechanism of regulation of the proteome via enabling the production of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. To date, the dynamics of AS and its effects on the protein sequences of individuals in a large and genetically unrelated population of trees have not been investigated.

Is alternative splicing post transcriptional regulation?

After being produced, the stability and distribution of the different transcripts is regulated (post-transcriptional regulation) by means of RNA binding protein (RBP) that control the various steps and rates controlling events such as alternative splicing, nuclear degradation (exosome), processing, nuclear export ( …

What is allowed in alternative splicing?

Alternative splicing is a molecular mechanism that modifies pre-mRNA constructs prior to translation. This process can produce a diversity of mRNAs from a single gene by arranging coding sequences (exons) from recently spliced RNA transcripts into different combinations.

What is Cotranscriptional splicing?

The nature of cotranscriptional splicing suggests that changes in transcription can dramatically affect splicing, and new evidence suggests that splicing can, in turn, influence transcription.

Who regulates splicing process?

The SR protein family and hnRNPs are universal splicing regulators. The key RBP families involved in splicing regulation are the serine/arginine-rich proteins (SR proteins) [10, 55] and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) [11, 56].

What are the types of post transcriptional regulation?

Later stages of gene expression can also be regulated, including: RNA processing, such as splicing, capping, and poly-A tail addition. Messenger RNA (mRNA) translation and lifetime in the cytosol. Protein modifications, such as addition of chemical groups.

What is post-translational gene regulation?

Post-translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of active protein. There are several forms. It is performed either by means of reversible events (posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation or sequestration) or by means of irreversible events (proteolysis).

How can Micrornas Mirnas regulate gene expression?

How microRNA controls gene expression. microRNA controls gene expression mainly by binding with messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell cytoplasm. Instead of being translated quickly into a protein, the marked mRNA will be either destroyed and its components recycled, or it will be preserved and translated later.

What does Cotranscriptional mean?

cotranscription (countable and uncountable, plural cotranscriptions) (genetics) The simultaneous transcription of two or more genes.

What is Cotranscriptional translation?

Furthermore, cotranscriptional translation prevents reannealing of the nascent RNA to the template DNA strand, which can give way to dangerous R-loops (Gowrishankar and Harinarayanan, 2004), and also protects nascent transcripts from ribonucleolytic attack (Makarova et al., 1995; Deana and Belasco, 2005).

What is the function of splicing regulators?

In general, these splicing regulatory elements (SREs) function by recruiting trans-acting splicing factors that activate or suppress splice site recognition or spliceosome assembly by various mechanisms (Matlin et al.

What is an example of post-translational regulation?

Such post-translational modifications are generally reversible, one enzyme adds the modifying group and another can remove it. For example, proteins are phosphorylated by enzymes known as protein kinases, while protein phosphotases remove such phosphate groups.

What are some examples of post-translational regulation?

While there are many diverse chemical modifications of amino acids, three common examples are phosphorylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination. Phosphorylation involves the addition of phosphate to an amino acid side chain, usually to the side chain hydroxyl (-OH) of serine, threonine, or tyrosine.

What factors are responsible for activating alternative splicing?

Alternative splicing outcomes (that is, the relative abundance of the different alternatively-spliced isoforms) are influenced by several factors: i) splice site strength, ii) cis-regulatory sequences in pre-mRNAs that favor or impair exon recognition, and iii) expression levels of trans-acting factors (RNA-binding …

Are all introns removed in alternative splicing?

Once splicing is complete, the mature mRNA (containing uninterrupted coding information), is transported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into protein. The pre-mRNA transcript contains both introns and exons. The introns are removed during the process of splicing.

How are function of miRNA be regulated?

miRNA biogenesis is regulated at multiple levels, including at the level of miRNA transcription; its processing by Drosha and Dicer in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively; its modification by RNA editing, RNA methylation, uridylation and adenylation; Argonaute loading; and RNA decay.