What are the four phases of corruption?

What are the four phases of corruption?

To successfully combat and prevent corruption focus must be put on what I call ‘The four pillars of corruption’ and their relationship with each other: 1) The corrupters, 2) The corrupt, 3) Impunity, and 4) Tolerance.

What are the five types of corruption?

Methods

• Bribery.
• Embezzlement, theft and fraud.
• Graft.
• Extortion and blackmail.
• Influence peddling.
• Networking.

What does passive corruption mean?

Passive corruption which involves any person soliciting or accepting donations, promises or benefits of any kind. Passive corruption means requesting, agreeing to receive or accepting benefits intending that, in consequence, an act or decision should be influenced a decision or a duty should be performed improperly.

What is active corruption?

Active corruption or “active bribery” is defined as paying or promising to pay a bribe. Source Publication: OECD, 2007, Bribery in Public Procurement: Methods, Actors and Counter-Measures, OECD, Paris.

What is petty corruption?

Everyday abuse of entrusted power by public officials in their interactions with ordinary citizens, who often are trying to access basic goods or services in places like hospitals, schools, police departments and other agencies.

What are forms of corruption?

Corruption can take many forms, and can include behaviours like:

• public servants demanding or taking money or favours in exchange for services,
• politicians misusing public money or granting public jobs or contracts to their sponsors, friends and families,
• corporations bribing officials to get lucrative deals.

What is active and passive corruption?

Active corruption emerges when the bureaucrat has more bargaining power. • Passive corruption emerges when the firm has more bargaining power. • The kind of government expenditure determines the allocation of bargaining power.

What is conventional corruption?

Conventional corruption occurs when government officials illegally abuse public office for private gain. Illegal quid pro quo transactions, including acts of bribery, are examples of conventional corruption.

What are three causes of corruption?

Causes of public sector corruption

• Country size.
• Country age.
• Resource curse.
• Political instability.
• Wages.
• Lack of rule of law.
• Failure of governance.
• Size of government.

What are two causes of corruption?

Main Causes of Corruption

• Low Pay scales and Wages.
• Low Job opportunities.
• Lack of Strict and fast punishments.
• Lack of fear of a bad reputation.
• Lack of Public Unity.
• Lack of transparency in affairs and deals.
• Lack of Independent detective agency.
• Lack of state funding for elections.